X ray showing the skull and spine of a person with achondroplasia

Achondroplasia

Definition

Achondroplasia, or short-limb dwarfism, is the most common form of

abnormally short stature in adults. It is caused by a mutation in a single gene

on chromosome 4 that regulates the conversion of cartilage to bone. This

gene is the only gene that is known to be associated with achondroplasia.

Description

Achondroplasia is basically a disorder of bone development. The skeleton

of a human fetus is composed primarily of cartilage, a dense and somewhat

elastic form of connective tissue that gradually turns to bone during

normal development. In a person with achondroplasia, a gene that is

involved in the process of bone formation produces too much of a protein

that limits bone growth. As a result, the person with achondroplasia has

unusually short bones in the arms and legs and other skeletal abnormalities.

They also usually have difficulties with posture, joint disorders, and

breathing problems in later life.

Measles rash on the face of a patient

Measles is a highly contagious disease of the upper respiratory tract accompanied by fever and a characteristic reddish rash that spreads over the entire body. The name of the disease dates back to fourteenthcentury English and means “spot.” Measles rash on the face of a patient

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Canker Sores

Definition Canker sores are small ulcers inside the mouth that are white or grayish with red borders. They are not contagious. Canker sores should not be confused with cold sores, which occur outside the mouth around the lips, are caused by a virus, and are very contagious. Description Canker sores are small patches of raw skin on the tissues that line the cheeks and the inside of the lips. They may also occur at the base of the gums or below the tongue on the floor of the mouth. They may appear as single ulcers or in clusters. Most are about three-eighths of an inch (1 centimeter) wide, but some are larger. Doctors classify canker sores into three groups: minor sores, which are smaller than half an inch (1.3 centimeters) and heal by themselves in seven to ten days; major sores, which are larger than half an inch (1.3 centimeters), are usually deeper than minor sores, may take as long as a month to heal, and may leave scars; and herpetiform sores, which are small, form clusters that ...

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